The entire modern economy is underpinned on metals and minerals, and everything we interact with in the physical world is either mined or grown

0:07Everything that we interact with [music] in the physical world is either mined or it's grown. And unfortunately, we can't grow [music] metals. Whether it's a laptop, whether it's a cell phone, whether it's an AI data center, whether it is a robot, whether it's a battery, whether it's a car, all of that stuff comes from the ground. The entire modern economy is underpinned on metals and minerals. [music]

0:3350 years ago, 60 years ago, we made a lot of these metals in the US. We were one of the largest producers of lithium. We were one of the largest producers [music] of copper. And then 30 years ago, maybe a little bit longer, there was this meaningful shift away from making these metals ourselves. We need to mine more copper in the next 15 years [music] than we have in all of human

0:53history since the Bronze Age. There's a lot of worry about that, but there's no clear reaction by the western [music] mining companies in particular to actually go do it. >> We didn't just lose the capability, we actually fell meaningfully behind. [music] >> Over 90% of the critical minerals we use are refined in China today, which is kind of wild to imagine [music] given that that was a very fast