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Video · 2026-07-29 · 1h 1m · 6 moments

ATPROTO isn’t just for Bluesky weiners

✦ AI generated

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01
Claim

The internet has become a collection of walled gardens where users' content is locked into platforms, and AT Protocol fixes this by giving every user a portable, app-agnostic JSON storage layer on the web.

Dan argues that the internet has fragmented into walled gardens (Facebook, Twitter, Reddit) where user content is locked in, and AT Protocol solves this by making each user's data a portable JSON folder that any app can read and write.

transcript

Dan Abramov: with time it's gotten more social right like social networks and so on. So like we've gotten like shared spaces but then these shared spaces they feel like internet inside of internet like you know different world gardens uh like Facebook or Twitter where we're going to put our stuff there you know like I I put like my answers on Stack Overflow or my issues on GitHub or like my like posts on Reddit or somewhere else. But then with time these platforms they kind of you know they fatten up with like everyone's content and then they start doing you know they're like shutting down alternative clients, start showing like ads everywhere trying to milk you know everything that and like we can't really like walk away from them because then we're going to erase everything that we created there. So, in a sense, it's kind of like we put our stuff into somebody else's box and then this box is just, you know, it's not on the open web anymore. It's kind of there's like a ghost of it on the open web, you know, like the projections like the HTML that you can hit through the servers, but like in a sense, it's like it's it's locked somewhere somewhere else. And the big thing about that PRA is it's kind of like a data layer for the web is how I like to think about it. ... what if that JSON just you know hung on the web like that JSON was part of the web uh kind of like in the personal sites era but um you know you still can use apps of course so like apps are kind of the consumption and production model but it lives sort of like in everybody's like it's it's like if everybody had a Dropbox folder that all apps apps can kind of interact with and then you can always leave an app but your stuff is still going to be in that folder and so other apps can kind of you know present it differently or even like write to it differently and different apps can see each other's content and and kind of interoperate

02
Definition

AT Protocol's identity system gives each user a web account with a portable identifier that points to three things: a current handle (a domain), a hosting location for their data, and a public key — all separate from any single domain or provider.

Dan explains that AT Protocol creates a universal web identity layer: each user gets a persistent identifier (not tied to a domain) that maps to a current username, a data storage location, and a public key for verification.

transcript

Dan Abramov: the first thing that it introduces is it really upstreams that concept into web itself. So the idea is that identity should actually be a legible concept in the web. So you should have a web account and you know you don't have to be logged in all the time of course or you can have multiple uh but ideally we upstream this so that you don't depend on Google and so uh you know it could be hosted by Google but you should be able to switch it to another provider or to host it yourself on your own server but basically like the the thing that you log into apps with that should be something that you know that is like under your control and that is a web standard. ... there's like a identifier that's associated with you and then there's like a JSON document that says three things. One is like what your current username is which is you know a domain but it can change over time kind of like your passport. So like it says who you are like what's your name? You know what is what is your handle? The second thing it says is where is your data stored? So what is your current hosting? And that is the novel concept, right? Like in today's web, we don't really have a concept of per user hosting, right? ... And the third thing is just your public key so that the things that you do can be verified.

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03
Mechanism

In AT Protocol, apps are consumers that sync data from users' hosting folders — the source of truth is always the user's own folder, not the app's database.

Dan describes how AT Protocol separates hosting from apps: each user's JSON records live in their own hosting folder, and apps sync from there. All events are streamed via websocket so apps update their databases, but the authoritative copy remains in the user's folder.

transcript

Dan Abramov: when you write something on leaflet it actually creates a file in your folder on your hosting. ... if I follow you on blue sky, I'm actually creating a JSON like the app will create a JSON file in the blue sky follows subfolder of my folder on my hosting. So like every every action you do, you know, when I when you like you like my post, you're actually creating a JSON file in your folder under blue sky likes that has a link to a post in my blue sky posts folder in my repo. So it's kind of like a web of JSON with links. And so this is this is like what happens on the hosting layer is it's like the source of truth for like everybody's stuff that we created that is like available publicly you know with no permission. ... all apps listen to events from all hosts. ... all events are being streamed into all apps like through websocket and on your websocket listener in the app, it just puts it into your database. So you just filter out you know stuff that is the data that is relevant to your app.

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04
Mechanism

AT Protocol uses Lexicons — app-defined JSON schemas — so different apps can define their own data types, which avoids the standardization bottleneck that killed earlier protocols like XMPP and RSS.

Dan explains that instead of mandating a universal data format (which led to the fragmentation of XMPP and RSS), AT Protocol lets each app define its own types via Lexicon schemas. Apps can voluntarily standardize grassroots-style, as multiple blogging platforms did with the 'Standard Site' format.

transcript

Dan Abramov: the product itself it's app agnostic. So it doesn't spec, you know, it doesn't try to spec what I think is like a mistake a lot of these things do is like try to specify what a post is or like what a comment is. ... it gives you like a language for schema definitions. So instead of specifying like you know trying to get everyone to agree like how many characters there should be in a post uh instead it lets every app developer define their own types. ... it's called lexicon ... It's also interesting like some apps decide actually to standardize on the same one. So there's like an example where multiple blogging apps in the atmosphere decided that they want to keep uh their social graph unified ... and they were like it would be cool if you could follow a blog from the other app right but that it still shows up for you in the reader. uh and so they kind of standardized on okay let's use the same lexicon ... it's kind of like a standard but it's grassroots it's just like three developers came together to like unify their data model

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05
Context

AT Protocol is fundamentally different from Mastodon/ActivityPub: Mastodon is like federated app instances that email each other, while AT Protocol is a shared data layer where apps consume from a common open web of JSON.

Dan contrasts Mastodon (federated Twitter instances that sync via ActivityPub 'mailing' messages between servers) with AT Protocol (a single open data layer where apps independently consume everyone's JSON). He argues Mastodon ties identity to an instance, while AT Protocol separates identity, hosting, and apps.

transcript

Dan Abramov: the way I like to think about Masttodon is Masttodon is kind of like it's kind of like WordPress. So, it's it's kind of like, you know, it's an it's like a mini Twitter that you can install on your server and that server is does the entire thing, right? Like it's it's like a like a hosted Twitter. So you just you just spun out a copy of the app and so you can imagine there's like you know like if you if there is a copy running at like instance one.com you sign up there your account is there like that is that is the Twitter you signed up for right and then like if there's another instance is completely independent hosting completely independent app ... And then the problem is like okay first problem is like your your identity is actually inside that app right like if if somebody removes that server from the internet like your you know your like your identity was there. ... these instances have to talk to each other right because if I follow you but you're in another instance what happens is these like copies of Twitter start sending like emails to each other in a sense, right? Like they like activity pub is kind of like like a mailbox uh abstraction where you like these instances start messaging each other and saying actually like Wes has posted ... So you have this like n squared divided by two connections between instances where they like send stuff to each other ... it's many apps that are disconnected that try to sync to each other via email is like my my kind of mental model.

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06
Claim

AT Protocol is 'web three, the good parts' — it uses cryptography for signing (like Git), drops the global ordering constraint of blockchains, and achieves decentralization in the shape of the web itself rather than through a shared ledger.

Dan positions AT Protocol as distinct from blockchain: it borrows cryptographic signing from Git, not blockchain consensus. The key insight is that dropping global event ordering (the bottleneck of blockchains) makes the system as simple and scalable as the web itself.

transcript

Dan Abramov: I like to think of at Praa is like web three. The good parts uh but the good parts uh you know not not a lot. ... it's crypto in the sense of cryptography. So the lessons are ... you want to have intermediate nodes like you want to have this kind of retransmitters like relays ... how do you trust that it's not, you know, it's not lying about the content that's flowing through it? And so the solution is kind of the same as in Git, right? In g you can sign commits. ... the content like the event stream is signed but in that sense it's closer in lineage to uh maybe git or you know like uh I don't know bit torrent or like some of those other things that are not about blockchain and the only thing that is because like in I think like people try to build social stuff on blockchain but is super inefficient because there's a bottleneck of like every right is like an append to a single kind of shared queue. ... the big insight for for it prior developers was that actually you don't need global ordering on the event log and if you drop the glo global ordering constraint like everything is in a single queue it actually becomes just the web

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Highlight slides
The internet has become walled gardens✦ from: The internet has become a collection of walled gardens where users' content is locked into platforms, and AT Protocol fixes this by giving every user a portable, app-agnostic JSON storage layer on the web.AT Protocol: a portable JSON layer for every user✦ from: The internet has become a collection of walled gardens where users' content is locked into platforms, and AT Protocol fixes this by giving every user a portable, app-agnostic JSON storage layer on the web.Identity as a Web Primitive✦ from: AT Protocol's identity system gives each user a web account with a portable identifier that points to three things: a current handle (a domain), a hosting location for their data, and a public key — all separate from any single domain or provider.Three-Part Portable Identifier✦ from: AT Protocol's identity system gives each user a web account with a portable identifier that points to three things: a current handle (a domain), a hosting location for their data, and a public key — all separate from any single domain or provider.AT Protocol = Web3, Only the Good Parts✦ from: AT Protocol is 'web three, the good parts' — it uses cryptography for signing (like Git), drops the global ordering constraint of blockchains, and achieves decentralization in the shape of the web itself rather than through a shared ledger.Why Blockchain Doesn't Work for Social✦ from: AT Protocol is 'web three, the good parts' — it uses cryptography for signing (like Git), drops the global ordering constraint of blockchains, and achieves decentralization in the shape of the web itself rather than through a shared ledger.
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