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Video · 2026-08-06 · 1h 9m · 6 moments

How Elizabeth I Finally Chose War | The Tudors' Darkest Hour EP 3

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01
Context

Drake's circumnavigation and plunder turned him into the paramount English hero, and the £400,000 he brought back—more than Elizabeth's entire annual income—made his fate a political crisis because England and Spain were not yet at war.

Drake returns a national hero with £400,000 in plunder exceeding the queen's yearly income, forcing Elizabeth to choose between appeasing Spain and backing her most famous predator while the two kingdoms are not yet at war.

transcript

Tom (Rest is History): When Drake returns to England, he is a national hero. Not just because he has achieved the greatest feat of navigation in all English history, but also because he has robbed and humiliated the king of Spain. He has forced his way into what the Spaniards call the Marl Clausum, the closed sea, namely the Pacific. Um, he's ranged at will along the coastlines of uh, western America, Spain's great American empire, and he has plundered so much gold and silver and been given so many clothes that the total sum amounts to more than Elizabeth I's entire annual income. So maybe 400,000 in all. So a huge, huge amount of money.

02
Mechanism

Elizabeth ultimately sided with the hawkish Protestant wing of her Privy Council, secretly keeping Drake's treasure, apportioning enormous shares to herself and Drake, and signaling it publicly by knighting him aboard the Golden Hind.

Despite the split between appeasers like Burghley and hardline supporters like Leicester, Walsingham and Hatton, Elizabeth chose war-party backing: she kept the £400,000, siphoned £10,000 to herself, let Drake keep £14,000, and received a quiet £100,000 donation, all off the books.

transcript

Tom (Rest is History): She tells Drake officially, "Rgister the treasure that you've taken um and have it sent to the tower." But unofficially, she tells him, "Look, siphon off £10,000 of this £400,000." And just to put it, you know, that is more than her entire annual income. So £10,000 is a colossal fortune. I mean, enormous. ... And also, I think this reflects very well on both Drake and and Elizabeth. Um, she winks at his quietly taking £14,000 for his men. ... And Drake also very quietly uh donates £100,000 directly to the queen. And again, all this is being done off the books.

03
Mechanism

Knighting Drake on the Golden Hind was four-dimensional chess: it burnished Elizabeth's Gloriana brand before her subjects while openly signaling to Spain the strength of her alliance with France.

The theatrical knighting struck a blow for Elizabeth's image as Gloriana and sent Spain a public message about her closeness to France, even though in fact the honor was performed by the French envoy Monsieur de Mauvissière.

transcript

Dominic Sandbrook: Elizabeth is sending a public message to Spain about the strength of her relationship with France... And so here I think is another reason for all these tremendous theatrics aboard the golden hind... she wants to make herself the great beloved of the English people. And so therefore, it is desperately important to her to project a sense of her rule as something glamorous and golden and self-confident to kind of portray herself as Gloriana.

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04
Mechanism

Elizabeth courted the Duke of Anjou and kept the engagement alive not out of passion but for anti-Spanish diplomacy, aiming to install him as lord of the Netherlands to remove Parma's army, restore trade links, and secure Protestant worship.

Elizabeth uses her virginity as a diplomatic tool, backing Anjou as the Netherlands' ruler to drive out the Spanish and serve England's strategic aims—a scheme undone when Anjou's 'French Fury' coup at Antwerp failed and he died in June 1584.

transcript

Tom (Rest is History): She is using her her her virginity as a diplomatic tool. And if Elizabeth is facing a a showdown with Spain, such a menacing enemy, then Elizabeth thinks, I might as well try and do all that I can to build bridges with the other great Catholic superpower, namely France... Actually having him establish his rule successfully in the low countries would secure a host of English objectives. So it would result in the removal of Palmer and his terrifying Spanish army... It would also restore trade links between the low countries and England... the fact that Protestants in England and Protestants in the low countries there's a natural sympathy between them and therefore securing freedom of worship for the Protestants which the Duke of Anju has guaranteed would be an absolute win.

explains mechanism · 1supports · 1

05
Anecdote

The Throckmorton Plot, culminating under the Guise brothers in Paris, was a serious Catholic invasion scheme backed by the Pope and Spain, and recently discovered letters prove Mary, Queen of Scots was an active conspirator, not a passive tool.

The Guise-led plot planned a 12,000-man invasion via Lancashire and Sussex, coordinated through Mendoza's Spanish embassy; a cache of Mary's cipher letters found in 2024 shows she was an active conspirator plotting Elizabeth's overthrow.

transcript

Dominic Sandbrook: Amazingly a cache of her letters were found as recently as 2024 in the Ribatech national de France and they show conclusively the Mary Queen of Scots you know is not a passive bystander in this you know she's not just a cipher being used by geese for his own interests. She was actually an active conspirator in this plot... the recent evidence suggests there's no question whatsoever. Yes, it does. She knew exactly what she was doing. She'd rolled up her sleeve. She got stuck in.

06
Mechanism

The Throckmorton Plot's exposure hardened Burghley and Walsingham into committing to eliminate Mary, Queen of Scots, first tightening her confinement and then enacting the Bond of Association—a lynch-law provision making Mary liable to death for an assassination plot she may not even know of.

Walsingham's spycraft unmasked the plot and a tortured Throckmorton confessed Mary's role; the aftermath saw Mary's correspondence throttled and a new law passed—the Bond of Association—that in effect condemned her to death for any assassination against Elizabeth.

transcript

Tom (Rest is History): The impact of the thrott Morton plot on Berley and Walssingham is absolutely massive because they are now absolutely set on eliminating Mary Queen of Scots no matter what it costs... This provision is that anyone who is responsible for the death of Elizabeth will be ineligible to succeed her... a further crucial provision has been added. And this states that anyone who is responsible for the death of Elizabeth will be put to death whether they were aware of the assassination plot or not... If a Catholic assassin kills Elizabeth with the aim of putting Mary, Queen of Scots, on the English throne, Mary will be subject to death, even if she didn't know anything about the assassination plot.

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