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Video · 2026-08-03 · 1h 13m · 6 moments

Did Piracy Make England a Superpower? | The Tudors' Darkest Hour EP 2

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01
Claim

Drake became England's new national hero, but to the Spanish he was a pirate and a terrorist, and the two nations' diametrically opposed views of him reveal him as the central figure in the Tudor Cold War between Protestant England and Catholic Spain.

Drake is introduced as the focal point of the shadow Anglo-Spanish war: England's greatest maritime hero since Henry V and before Nelson, and simultaneously Spain's most detested figure, 'El Drago' the dragon, loathed for centuries.

transcript

Tom Holland and Dominic Sandbrook: Drake became the single most detested figure in Spain. And it helped that his name El Dra in Spanish meant the dragon. And to this day in Spain, he plays the role of a kind of bogey man. The kind of the mirror image of Drake's status as a hero in England is this notion of a kind of predatory paratical monster in Spain. He almost single-handedly gives the English um what they did not previously have which is the self-confidence to think of England as as as possibly becoming the mistress of the seas.

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02
Context

Drake's fiery, uncompromising Protestantism, stamped on him by his father Edmund Drake — who reinvented himself as a preacher after escaping the law and Catholic mobs in Devon — was arguably his most salient characteristic and the mainspring of his entire career.

The speaker traces Drake's origins in Devon and how his father's blend of intense religiosity and criminality — including horse theft and mugging — gave young Francis a fervent anti-papist Protestantism that motivated his tempestuous career over mere commercial or national hostility.

transcript

Tom Holland: Edmund Drake, who is already kind of in trouble with the law, thinks, well, I don't want to be, you know, strung up by um angry Catholics, so I'm going to scar her. And so he escapes both the law and Catholic mobs by heading to the opposite end of of southern England to Kent. And there he reinvents himself as a preacher man, as a man of God, totally casting a veil over his career as a as a criminal. And the young Francis grows up absolutely stamped by his father's religious convictions. ... He said of Drake that that his profound faith was arguably his most salient characteristic and it provided the mainspring of his tempestuous career.

03
Mechanism

After being humiliated in the Spanish ambush at San Juan de Ulúa in 1568 — where the Spanish killed and captured dozens of the English slavers — Drake declared war on Spain personally, abandoning trade as a mug's game and concluding that piracy was the real money since Spain's defenses in the Indies were dangerously weak.

The speaker recounts the devastating 1568 Spanish attack on Hawkins' and Drake's slaving fleet at San Juan de Ulúa, which left Drake humiliated and craving vengeance; realizing Elizabeth's government refused to back him, Drake privately declared war and pivoted to piracy against Spain's poorly defended treasure colonies.

transcript

Tom Holland: And the impact of this attack is devastating. So four English ships are sunk. Um over 300 um English sailors are killed. 114 are taken prisoner. ... And Drake feels he has massive amounts to prove. ... He takes an amazing course. He thinks, 'Okay, well I will declare war on the Spanish myself.' ... Drake has noted that Spain's defenses in the Indies and on the Spanish main are actually very weak because they are not expecting to be attacked. So Drake is thinking, well, with boldness and good planning, we could take the Spanish completely by surprise. And this is the start of what will become, I guess the most devastating piracy in English history.

04
Mechanism

Drake's 1572-73 raid on Nombre de Dios succeeded through an unexpected alliance with escaped African slaves, the Cimarrones, who were fierce fighters eager for vengeance on Spain — the first alliance ever made by an English captain with a black military power.

The speaker details how Drake, forewarned of a treasure fleet, allied with the Cimarrones (escaped African slaves) in Panama through the freed slave-turned-right-hand-man Diego. Their combined ambush seized 30 tons of gold and silver, the greatest robbery in English history to that point, despite his near-failure and early rain-stalled attack.

transcript

Tom Holland: And these Simones are very proficient at fighting and they're very keen for vengeance on the Spanish. ... It's an absolute marriage made in heaven. ... And on the 1st of April, he launches a second ambush. And this one is a resounding success. ... And they take 30 tons of gold and silver. ... It is, you know, the basically the greatest robbery in the whole of English history up until this point. ... There is this alliance with the Simone. So, as we said, it's the first alliance ever made by a British captain with a black power.

05
Anecdote

On his 1577-80 circumnavigation, Drake asserted his absolute authority over the gentleman Thomas Doughty by executing him for mutiny, a controversial act of expediency that decisively established the precedent that a captain's authority on his own ship outranks everyone else, even a gentleman.

The speaker describes the class conflict between the upwardly-mobile Drake and the gentleman lawyer Thomas Doughty, culminating in a public trial and beheading at San Julián after Drake accused Doughty of witchcraft and incitement to mutiny — an act of expediency that secured his command and set a lasting nautical precedent.

transcript

Tom Holland and Dominic Sandbrook: So essentially Douty by this point, you know, he's been clapped in irons. ... Drake says to his men when he's kind of, you know, commissioning the jury, consider what a great voyage we are like to make. The like was never made out of England. We cannot afford to have dissension on board our ships. ... And it also uh I think because of Drake's fame, it serves to establish a very important precedent, namely that the authority of a captain on board his own ship outranks that of everyone else, even a gentleman.

06
Data

Trapped and abandoned as the only English ship in the Pacific, Drake took the spectacular treasure ship Nuestra Señora de la Concepción — a haul greater than the entire annual revenue of Queen Elizabeth — and, unable to return through the Magellan Straits, completed the second circumnavigation of the globe in 1,046 days with no deaths from scurvy.

The speaker narrates Drake's Pacific triumph and desperate return: seizing the treasure ship, deciding to cross the Pacific when return via the Straits was cut off, claiming California as 'New Albion', and sailing across 9,700 miles to Africa without provisions yet suffering no scurvy deaths, before returning to a nervous, plague-ravaged Plymouth.

transcript

Tom Holland and Dominic Sandbrook: And this gives Drake 14 chests of silver royale. This is so treasure island. 80 pounds of gold, 26 tons of silver bars. ... So the Golden Hind um sets set sails westwards from California, and it is 68 days at sea without sight of land. ... Drake's crew suffer no deaths from scurvy, no deaths from dehydration. It's an incredible feat. Absolutely incredible feat. ... The voyage has lasted 1,046 days. It was the first by an English ship, the second in history to circumn the globe. ... Drake has returned with enormous amounts of treasure, more than the entire annual revenue of Queen Elizabeth.

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Highlight slides
Drake: Hero of England, 'El Drago' Terror of Spain✦ from: Drake became England's new national hero, but to the Spanish he was a pirate and a terrorist, and the two nations' diametrically opposed views of him reveal him as the central figure in the Tudor Cold War between Protestant England and Catholic Spain.The Mirror Image of the Two Nations✦ from: Drake became England's new national hero, but to the Spanish he was a pirate and a terrorist, and the two nations' diametrically opposed views of him reveal him as the central figure in the Tudor Cold War between Protestant England and Catholic Spain.1568: Drake's private war against Spain✦ from: After being humiliated in the Spanish ambush at San Juan de Ulúa in 1568 — where the Spanish killed and captured dozens of the English slavers — Drake declared war on Spain personally, abandoning trade as a mug's game and concluding that piracy was the real money since Spain's defenses in the Indies were dangerously weak.Drake's Spectacular Pacific Heist✦ from: Trapped and abandoned as the only English ship in the Pacific, Drake took the spectacular treasure ship Nuestra Señora de la Concepción — a haul greater than the entire annual revenue of Queen Elizabeth — and, unable to return through the Magellan Straits, completed the second circumnavigation of the globe in 1,046 days with no deaths from scurvy.The Desperate Voyage Home✦ from: Trapped and abandoned as the only English ship in the Pacific, Drake took the spectacular treasure ship Nuestra Señora de la Concepción — a haul greater than the entire annual revenue of Queen Elizabeth — and, unable to return through the Magellan Straits, completed the second circumnavigation of the globe in 1,046 days with no deaths from scurvy.
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